# Congenital Esophageal Stenosis — GCMD Library living collection

Everything in the library about congenital esophageal stenosis — built automatically from dossiers that name it.

Updated: n/a · 3 episodes · 11 cited statements

## Episodes
### Evidence & Research
- [Journal of Pediatric Surgery Article Review: March 2022](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354) — video · [machine version](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354.md)
- [Journal of Pediatric Surgery Article Review: March 2022](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356) — podcast · 10:47 · [machine version](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356.md)

### In-Depth Reviews
- [Update Course Rewind: 2022 Top Ten Key Takeaways](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766) — video · [machine version](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766.md)

## Chapters
- [0:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=0) Introduction and Laparoscopic versus Open Appendectomy for Complicated Appendicitis (Ep 1)
- [3:49](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=229) Management of Congenital Esophageal Stenosis (Ep 1)
- [7:12](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=432) Expedited Post-operative Protocol for Appendicostomy (Ep 1)
- [0:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=0) Laparoscopic versus Open Appendectomy for Complicated Appendicitis (Ep 2)
- [4:28](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=268) Management of Congenital Esophageal Stenosis (Ep 2)
- [7:10](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=430) Expedited Protocol After Appendicostomy (Ep 2)
- [0:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=0) Introduction and Gastroschisis Feeding Protocols (Ep 3)
- [3:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=180) Congenital Esophageal Stenosis Management (Ep 3)
- [5:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=300) Outpatient Management of Intussusception (Ep 3)
- [7:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=420) Mechanical Bowel Preparation and Surgical Site Infections (Ep 3)
- [9:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=540) Preventing Pediatric Gunshot Injuries (Ep 3)
- [11:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=660) CT Evaluation of Suspected Airway Foreign Body (Ep 3)
- [13:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=780) Laparotomy versus Peritoneal Drainage for NEC (Ep 3)
- [15:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=900) Implicit and Explicit Bias in Medicine (Ep 3)
- [17:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=1020) Isolated Skull Fractures: Safe ED Discharge (Ep 3)
- [19:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=1140) Antibiotic Treatment for Complicated Appendicitis (Ep 3)

## Statements
Every statement is attributed, typed, and timestamped; the link is the citation.
- Non-complicated appendicitis is probably already treated by antibiotics in some centers. — Miko Bogannan (clinical) [Ep 2 · 3:40](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=220)
- If you dilate esophageal stenosis, you have a risk of rupture, which could be catastrophic. (clinical) [Ep 2 · 4:55](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=295)
- Historically at University of Utah, diet was not initiated following appendicostomy creation until the day after surgery. — Scott Short (clinical) [Ep 2 · 7:46](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=466)
- Many appendicostomy patients displayed clinical signs that they were ready to initiate diet immediately after surgery. — Scott Short (clinical) [Ep 2 · 7:46](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=466)
- The meta-analysis findings specifically apply to complicated appendicitis, not non-complicated appendicitis. — Mikko Pekarinen (clinical) [Ep 1 · 2:35](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=155)
- Non-complicated appendicitis is already treated by antibiotics in some centers. — Mikko Pekarinen (clinical) [Ep 1 · 2:56](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=176)
- Dr. Kılıç's team tried balloon dilatation first for every patient with congenital esophageal stenosis, then moved to surgery according to balloon dilatation results. — Gerek Selchuk Kılıç (clinical) [Ep 1 · 5:49](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=349)
- Surgery for congenital esophageal stenosis was indicated in cases of recurring lung infections, growth retardation, and when patients were not healthy enough for the dilatation program. — Gerek Selchuk Kılıç (clinical) [Ep 1 · 5:49](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=349)
- Dr. Pekarinen would be willing to try up to five dilatations before considering operative treatment for congenital esophageal stenosis based on the Turkish study findings. — Mikko Pekarinen (opinion) [Ep 1 · 6:53](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=413)
- The Utah team changed their post-operative protocol because many patients displayed clinical signs they were ready to initiate diet immediately after appendicostomy surgery, whereas historically diet was not initiated until the day after surgery. — Gerek Selchuk Kılıç (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:02](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=482)
- Dr. Pekarinen's current protocol for appendicostomy is similar to the Utah team's historical protocol, and based on the study, further reduction in hospital stay seems achievable. — Mikko Pekarinen (opinion) [Ep 1 · 9:46](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=586)

## Host summaries
Recaps by a host of what the experts said — not the host's own clinical position.
- Infants with gastroschisis often require prolonged hospitalization for surgical repair and initiation and advancement of feeds. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 1:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=60)
- Based on recently updated protocols from Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Children's Mercy Kansas City, feeds can be started immediately after sutureless abdominal closure for uncomplicated gastroschisis, beginning with 10-20 mL/kg/day and advancing by 20 mL/kg/day if tolerated. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 2:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=120)
- Immediate feeding after gastroschisis closure has been shown to be associated with shorter length of stay and faster attainment of goal feeds. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 2:30](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=150)
- For babies with uncomplicated gastroschisis tolerating feeds for a few days, it is okay to continue the feeding protocol even after one bout of emesis. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 2:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=165)
- High resolution esophageal manometry, esophagography, and endoscopy can help determine the diagnosis of congenital esophageal stenosis. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 4:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=240)
- Serial dilations may be used to manage congenital esophageal stenosis if there is no cartilage component suspected in the stenotic area. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 4:15](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=255)
- Surgical resection for congenital esophageal stenosis can be reserved for patients where serial dilation is unsuccessful or there is concern for a cartilaginous component. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 4:30](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=270)
- Initial conservative management should be considered for patients with congenital esophageal stenosis, especially if a cartilaginous component is not suspected. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 4:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=285)
- Management of intussusception after enema reduction varies in practice, with historically recommended inpatient observation lacking evidence-based guidelines. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 5:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=345)
- A systematic review and meta-analysis found that overall recurrence rates and recurrences within 24 and 48 hours were similar between inpatient and outpatient management groups after intussusception enema reduction. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 6:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=360)
- There was no significant difference in the rate of return to the emergency department between inpatient and outpatient management after intussusception reduction, and both groups had similar rates of requiring operative intervention. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 6:30](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=390)
- Outpatient management of intussusception after air enema reduction results in shorter hospital stay with no difference in rate of ED returns, recurrence, need for operation, or mortality. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 6:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=405)
- There is no compelling evidence in pediatric or adult literature to support mechanical bowel preparation reducing surgical site infections in colorectal surgery. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 7:30](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=450)
- Recent adult studies have shown no benefit from mechanical bowel preparation in reducing surgical site infections, with some studies showing an increase in wound infections. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 7:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=465)
- Adult studies suggest a possible benefit of oral and IV antibiotics to reduce surgical site infections in colorectal surgery. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 8:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=480)
- Recent retrospective studies have not shown the importance of oral antibiotics for pediatric colorectal operations. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 8:15](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=495)
- Case-appropriate preoperative IV antibiotics may reduce surgical site infection incidence in colorectal surgery. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 8:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=525)
- Firearms are now the leading cause of death in all children and adolescents in the United States, overtaking motor vehicle crashes in 2019. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 9:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=585)
- There are controversies about whether pediatric surgeons should be involved in firearm violence prevention efforts and advocacy across the country. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 10:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=600)
- As pediatric surgeons, we need to advocate for protecting children's health and well-being, no matter what the topic is. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 10:15](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=615)
- Pediatric surgeons can play key roles for patients affected by firearms, including direct patient care and advocacy. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 10:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=645)
- Unwitnessed foreign body aspiration can be challenging to manage, and many items are not radiopaque so cannot be seen on plain x-ray. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 11:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=705)
- The gold standard for airway evaluation has been rigid or flexible bronchoscopy, but there are risks of negative bronchoscopy with subsequent airway compromise. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 12:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=720)
- CT bronchoscopy has been proposed as an adjunct in cases of children without obvious respiratory distress. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 12:15](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=735)
- Low-dose non-contrast CT of the chest has high sensitivity and specificity for identification of airway foreign bodies. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 12:30](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=750)
- CT can avoid the cost and resources of taking a child to the operating room for a non-therapeutic bronchoscopy procedure. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 12:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=765)
- The largest study looking at initial laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage for necrotizing enterocolitis was conducted at 20 US centers and examined combined death or neurodevelopmental impairment at corrected age 18-22 months. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 13:30](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=810)
- Death or neurodevelopmental impairment occurred in 69% of patients with preoperative diagnosis of NEC who underwent initial laparotomy versus 85% of those who underwent initial peritoneal drainage. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 14:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=840)
- The prospective randomized cohort study from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development showed no difference in overall survival but did show improved long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes with initial laparotomy for NEC. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 14:15](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=855)
- For infants with necrotizing enterocolitis, initial laparotomy may be associated with less neurodevelopmental impairment and improved outcomes for extremely low birth weight babies. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 14:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=885)
- Racism and sexism that manifest as microaggressions are commonly experienced by members of minority groups. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 15:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=945)
- Individuals from minoritized groups are often left weighing the potential benefits and risks of addressing microaggression comments. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 16:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=960)
- Placing the burden to interrupt bias on marginalized colleagues is unjust, and microaggressions can harm trainees' performance and sense of belonging. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 16:15](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=975)
- Bystanders can and should make an effort to become upstanders, which means bystanders who respond with action to interrupt microaggressions. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 16:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=1005)
- Blunt head trauma represents the majority of pediatric trauma admissions, but there is very little evidence on how to best manage isolated skull fractures. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 17:30](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=1050)
- A 10-year retrospective review of isolated traumatic skull fractures with normal neurologic exam findings showed that 77% of patients were admitted for observation, but none needed neurosurgical intervention or additional imaging during the index admission. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 18:15](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=1095)
- Pediatric isolated skull fractures are low risk conditions with a low likelihood of complications, and these patients can be discharged safely from the emergency department without inpatient observation. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 18:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=1125)
- The IMPACT trial was a multi-institutional prospective randomized trial comparing piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy versus ceftriaxone-metronidazole combination therapy for perforated appendicitis in children, with 30-day post-operative intra-abdominal abscess rate as the primary outcome. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 19:30](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=1170)
- Patients taking piperacillin-tazobactam had lower incidence of intra-abdominal abscesses, lower usage of CT scans, and fewer ED revisits compared to combination therapy. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 20:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=1200)
- Piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy did not have an increase in antibiotic usage or increase in antibiotic-related complications compared to combination therapy. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 20:15](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=1215)
- Monotherapy with piperacillin-tazobactam has been shown to be associated with decreased incidence of intra-abdominal abscesses after surgery for patients with perforated appendicitis. — Em Tombash summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 20:30](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/update-course-rewind-2022-top-ten-key-takeaways-6766?t=1230)
- The meta-analysis included 4 randomized controlled trials and 36 case controlled trials comparing laparoscopic and open appendectomy for complicated appendicitis. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 0:38](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=38)
- Laparoscopic appendectomy is associated with shorter length of stay, lower rate of surgical site infection, and lower overall complication rate compared to open appendectomy. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 1:30](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=90)
- Rates of intra-abdominal abscess, post-operative fever, pneumonia, and ileus are similar between laparoscopic and open appendectomy groups. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 1:50](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=110)
- Open appendectomy has shorter operative time compared to laparoscopic appendectomy. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 2:05](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=125)
- In Turkey, surgeons prefer open appendectomies in nearly half of children, especially those with lower BMIs. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 2:25](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=145)
- The Turkish series successfully treated 14 of 19 congenital esophageal stenosis patients with a median of 5 dilatations. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 4:28](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=268)
- Three congenital esophageal stenosis patients required surgery after dilation attempts. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 4:45](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=285)
- If esophageal stenosis is cartilaginous, don't try to dilate, just go to resect; if there's no cartilage, then dilate. — The host summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 5:10](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=310)
- The Turkish team tried balloon dilatation for every congenital esophageal stenosis patient first, then moved to surgery based on results. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 5:46](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=346)
- Surgery was indicated for congenital esophageal stenosis in cases with recurring lung infections, growth retardation, or when patient wasn't healthy enough for dilation program. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 6:05](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=365)
- Out of 19 congenital esophageal stenosis patients, 16 were successful with balloon dilation, 3 required operation, and overall 17 were symptom-free after 48 months follow-up. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 6:25](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=385)
- Up to 5 dilatations should be tried before considering operative treatment for congenital esophageal stenosis. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 6:50](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=410)
- The expedited protocol reduced hospital stay after appendicostomy from 3 days to 1 day without increasing complications or unplanned hospital visits. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 8:11](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=491)
- Having a protocol and standardization in care management can be beneficial even beyond the specific protocol details. — Ellen Encisco summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 9:00](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5356?t=540)
- The meta-analysis included four randomized controlled trials and 36 case control trials comparing laparoscopic and open appendectomy for complicated appendicitis. — Ellen summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 0:44](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=44)
- Laparoscopic appendectomy is associated with shorter length of stay, lower rate of surgical site infection, and lower overall complication rate compared to open appendectomy. — Ellen summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 0:44](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=44)
- Rates of intra-abdominal abscess, post-operative fever, pneumonia and ileus are similar between laparoscopic and open appendectomy groups. — Ellen summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 0:44](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=44)
- Open appendectomy has shorter operative time compared to laparoscopic appendectomy. — Ellen summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 0:44](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=44)
- In Turkey, surgeons prefer open appendectomies in nearly half of children, especially those with lower BMIs. — Brittany Levy summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 1:49](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=109)
- The Turkish study included 19 patients with congenital esophageal stenosis, successfully treating 14 with a median of five dilatations. — Ellen summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 3:49](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=229)
- Two patients with congenital esophageal stenosis had residual symptoms and three were operated on later. — Ellen summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 3:49](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=229)
- The most common form of esophageal stenosis is iatrogenic, caused by anastomosis that closes tight and requires dilation. — Ellen summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 3:49](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=229)
- Dilatation of esophageal stenosis carries a risk of rupture, which could be catastrophic. — Ellen summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 4:35](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=275)
- Current management of congenital esophageal stenosis depends on whether there is a cartilaginous or membranous component: if cartilaginous, resect rather than dilate; if membranous, dilate. — Ellen summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 4:35](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=275)
- Out of 19 patients who underwent esophageal balloon dilatations, 16 were successful, three required operation, and overall 17 patients were symptom-free after 48 months of follow-up. — Ellen summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 6:38](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=398)
- The University of Utah study showed reduction in hospital stay from three days to one day after implementation of expedited post-operative protocol for appendicostomy. — Ellen summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 7:12](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=432)
- The expedited protocol did not increase complications or unplanned hospital visits after appendicostomy. — Mikko Pekarinen summarizes what Dr. Michael Rollins said [Ep 1 · 8:23](https://team.globalcastmd.com/watch/journal-of-pediatric-surgery-article-review-march-2022-5354?t=503)

## Changelog
- Sep 25: 3 items added automatically

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